hiduplah dengan ikhlas....
hiduplah denagn hati....
hiduplah dengan sebuah impian....
jangan hidup dengan sebuah rekayasa....
tapi hiduplah dengan rasionalisme....
gunster 16
Senin, 31 Januari 2011
Selasa, 18 Januari 2011
mencari...cari... dan cariii...
. malam yang dingin
. mencoba menatap langit tanpa bintang.
. bagaikan hidup tanpa seorang teman.
. yang terasa hanyalah hampa....
. mencoba bersandar dalam kegelapan.
. mencari arti hidup....
. meskipun sulit tapi akan terus kucari,
. sampai akan kudapatkan suatu cahaya yang kecil
. dan membawaku keluar dari kegelapan......
GUNSTER 16
. mencoba menatap langit tanpa bintang.
. bagaikan hidup tanpa seorang teman.
. yang terasa hanyalah hampa....
. mencoba bersandar dalam kegelapan.
. mencari arti hidup....
. meskipun sulit tapi akan terus kucari,
. sampai akan kudapatkan suatu cahaya yang kecil
. dan membawaku keluar dari kegelapan......
GUNSTER 16
chicken embryo development
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Background
The nature of the organism is to have the ability to form a new individual or form a new generation to defend the preservation of species. This capability is called as the ability to reproduce. The process of reproduction as we know it is not an instant process, but involves a series of continuous processes, such as gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development until a new individual is born.
One characteristic of living beings is the ability of these creatures to reproduce or proliferate. Reproduction aims to maintain the kind of extinction, in which new individuals are produced can be similar or different from the parents. Known three-way living things reproduce the spawn, breed, breed and lay eggs.
The pattern of embryonic development in chickens (aves) basically the same as frogs (amphibians), namely through several stages of division. Cleavage at the cleavage meroblastik aves, namely division which only takes place in chip institutions only. From the results it obtained blastoderm division. The next stage is blastulasi, stage of gastrulation, and organogenesis neuralisasi stage.
Based on the above explanation, we need to hold an experience that could support our understanding on matters relating to the development of the embryo. One way is to conduct lab work, ie activities where we can observe directly all the processes discussed above. In this lab we will examine the development of chicken embryos the incubation period 24, 48, and 72 hours.
Thus, we not only know the process of chicken embryonic development through theory alone, but also through practical activities. From the results of lab work, then we can compare the theory obtained from the lecture bench with those observed directly.
2. Purpose
The purpose of this practicum are:
1. Studying the formation of organs in various stages of the chick embryo age.
2. Studying the embryonic layer that will form the organ.
B. PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chickens have feathers that provide insulating (warm coverings) for the body, thus making it smaller, but provides the ability to maintain temperature and has a hollow bones and a single gonad (in females), an enlarged and active only dive breeding season (Kimball, 2006).
Knowledge of the fertile and whether egg is needed, especially at the hatchery. In addition knowledge to physical selection of egg, egg fertile also need to know. Physical selection can be done including cleaning egg from its parent dirt, cracks or absence of eggs and egg shape size (normal or not). But apart from that is not less important knowledge about the fertile / infertile eggs viewed from inside the egg (Anonymous, 2008)
Cleavage dikoskoidal meroblastik can be found in chickens. Cleavage took place on blastodisk contained in the polar anima eggs. While the yolk is also split. Cleavage takes place within the reproductive tract (Adnan, 2008).
Like a baby in his mother's belly, chick embryo in the egg also experienced significant growth from day to day. Embryo in the egg as the beginning of the life of a chicken turned out to have the uniqueness of growth in it. Knowledge about the development of the embryo in the egg in the hatchery, but please note does not hurt if we had participated know the development of embryos from day to day (Anonymous, 2008).
Regional heads have folding of the embryo called the fold of the head and split between the intra-and extra embryos. During embryonic development, Albumen will lose fluid so that it becomes thick and the volume is reduced. Towards the end of the incubation period, residual yolk and the yolk sac enter into the abdominal cavity and then close the abdominal wall. Residual yolk is used by baby chicks as food supplies during the early period of his life outside the egg (Yatim, 1990)
Division which lasted chiped acquired institution as much as 3-4 blastoderm cell layer. The second cleavage is perpendicular first division, and the region contribute to four blastomeres are also not completely separate. The third division, two divisions of simultaneous parallel with mining division produced 8 blastomeres. The fourth division is a division of the circle and cut out all fields previous division. The fifth cleavage is radial cleavage, cutting the field of the fourth division and produce blastomeres edge-blastomeres that do not separate completely incorrect (Adnan, 2008).
According to (Adnan, 2005), There are four kinds of extra-embryonic membranes are present in higher vertebrates, namely:
1. Yolk sac is very closely spanknopleura membrane functions in nutrition, especially in the reptilian embryo and yolk in birds because having that very much.
2. Amniotic sac . It is a thin membrane derived from somatoplura form a sac that surrounds the embryo and contain the fluid, the presence of this membrane in birds and mammals, reptilian cause of this animal group called the amniotic.
3. Allantois sac . It is a bag that berb entuk from the ventral colon evaginasi back in the early stages of development the main function or as a place of shelter and the development or storage of urine and as a gas exchange organ between the embryo with its outer environment.
C. OBSERVATION METHOD
1. Tools and Materials
a. Tools
1) Petri dish
2) Tweezers
3) Incubator
4) Scissor
5) Filter paper
6) Microscope
b. Material
1) Egg which is incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
2) NaCl physiologies
2. Work Procedure
a. Incubated the egg for about 24, 48, and 72 hours in incubator with 37o-38o C temperature.
b. Broke the incubated egg and pour to the petri dish which is contain NaCl physiologies.
c. Site the filter paper and make the hole in the center which is fit with the embryo.
d. Cut the yolk, moved the filter paper so the embryo went with the paper.
e. Dipped the embryo to NaCl physiologies, and moved to microscope.
D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Observation result
2. Discussion
a. Observation I
Eggs were observed on the first observation of eggs that had been incubated for 24 hours, which has shown the existence of an embryo that is still colored nodes. At this time the chicken embryo has undergone cleavage blastula and gastrula stage in which the visible presence pellusida area that is visible above the nodes subgerminal cavity. And opaka area, an area that was dark, located on the edge blastodisk. This area consists dariarea opaka vaskulosa, opaka vitelin, blood islands in the area opaka vaskulosa. And opaka area, an area that was dark, located on the edge blastodisk. This area consists dariarea opaka vaskulosa, opaka vitelin, blood islands in the area opaka vaskulosa. After 24 hours of incubation, there were spots of blood on eggs and embryos are still difficult to be observed with light microscope, so that the development of an embryo at stage 24-hour incubation could not be observed. Around the embryo there are areas that the yellow color quite different from the color of egg yolk or yolk surrounding the embryo, making the embryo as if inside a circle which is located in the egg yolks (the yolk). This area is called the extra embryos that consist of the area and the area opaka pellusida. Khalaza not clearly visible.
b. Observation II
Eggs on the observation that both eggs have been incubated for 48 hours. It appears the first line in the center of blastoderm. Among extraembrionic annexis vitelin visible membrane which has the main role in embryo nutrition. At this time the embryo looks covered by 3 layers ie ectoderm body organs will be tellensefalon, diensefalon, rombensefalon, mensefalon, miensefalon, and vasikula optics. Venous sinus formed mesoderm, visceral cleft atrium, ventricle, limit the amnion, and tail bud, and visceral endoderm seen a gap, intestine front, two will be the respiratory tract.
c. Observation III
The third observation of eggs in an egg that has been incubated for 72 hours, which has seen a Rhombencephalon located next to the dorsal and telensephalon approached the development of the heart. Head more towards the posterior folds. In the caudal region formed primordial feet, mesoderm will experience growth that will develop into primordial wings. Consists of the brain tube lateral ventricle, three in the diensephalon, cerebral aquad on mensephalon, and ventricular four on rhombensephalon and canal on the spinal cord. Stimulate the formation of optic cup and lens lens cornea stimulates the formation. Ototis and ductus endolimfatikus will become the inner ear. There are front intestine, colon and bowel middle rear.
E. CLOSING
1. Conclusion
Based on the observations, can be summed up as follows:
a. In the 24-hour incubation period of chicken embryos has experienced seemingly division of the embryo is actually clear.
b. During the 48 hour incubation, the embryo is experiencing the formation of the heart, optic vesicle to the formation of the eye.
c. During the 72-hour incubation, the chick embryo has undergone blood vessel formation, would eye the ear and tail.
d. embryonic layer that forms the layers ectoderm, endoderm, and endoderm which then form the various organs through the cleavage blastula, gastrulation and organogenesis
2. Suggestion
a. For apprentice, be a good practice and listen to the instruction of assistant.
b. For assistant, we hope for the next practicum, not just one assistant that manage this practicum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan.2005. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Adnan.2008. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM
Anonim. 2008. Perkembangan Embrio Ayam. http://one.indodeskri.Com/judul-
skripsi-tugas-makalah/biologi-umum/pengamatan-tahapan perkembangan-embrio-ayam. Accessed at January 15th 2011
Kimball, 2006. Biologi Jilid III edisi kelima. Jakarta: Erlangga
Yatim. 1990. Reproduksi dan Embriologi. Bandung: Tarsito.
1. Background
The nature of the organism is to have the ability to form a new individual or form a new generation to defend the preservation of species. This capability is called as the ability to reproduce. The process of reproduction as we know it is not an instant process, but involves a series of continuous processes, such as gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development until a new individual is born.
One characteristic of living beings is the ability of these creatures to reproduce or proliferate. Reproduction aims to maintain the kind of extinction, in which new individuals are produced can be similar or different from the parents. Known three-way living things reproduce the spawn, breed, breed and lay eggs.
The pattern of embryonic development in chickens (aves) basically the same as frogs (amphibians), namely through several stages of division. Cleavage at the cleavage meroblastik aves, namely division which only takes place in chip institutions only. From the results it obtained blastoderm division. The next stage is blastulasi, stage of gastrulation, and organogenesis neuralisasi stage.
Based on the above explanation, we need to hold an experience that could support our understanding on matters relating to the development of the embryo. One way is to conduct lab work, ie activities where we can observe directly all the processes discussed above. In this lab we will examine the development of chicken embryos the incubation period 24, 48, and 72 hours.
Thus, we not only know the process of chicken embryonic development through theory alone, but also through practical activities. From the results of lab work, then we can compare the theory obtained from the lecture bench with those observed directly.
2. Purpose
The purpose of this practicum are:
1. Studying the formation of organs in various stages of the chick embryo age.
2. Studying the embryonic layer that will form the organ.
B. PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chickens have feathers that provide insulating (warm coverings) for the body, thus making it smaller, but provides the ability to maintain temperature and has a hollow bones and a single gonad (in females), an enlarged and active only dive breeding season (Kimball, 2006).
Knowledge of the fertile and whether egg is needed, especially at the hatchery. In addition knowledge to physical selection of egg, egg fertile also need to know. Physical selection can be done including cleaning egg from its parent dirt, cracks or absence of eggs and egg shape size (normal or not). But apart from that is not less important knowledge about the fertile / infertile eggs viewed from inside the egg (Anonymous, 2008)
Cleavage dikoskoidal meroblastik can be found in chickens. Cleavage took place on blastodisk contained in the polar anima eggs. While the yolk is also split. Cleavage takes place within the reproductive tract (Adnan, 2008).
Like a baby in his mother's belly, chick embryo in the egg also experienced significant growth from day to day. Embryo in the egg as the beginning of the life of a chicken turned out to have the uniqueness of growth in it. Knowledge about the development of the embryo in the egg in the hatchery, but please note does not hurt if we had participated know the development of embryos from day to day (Anonymous, 2008).
Regional heads have folding of the embryo called the fold of the head and split between the intra-and extra embryos. During embryonic development, Albumen will lose fluid so that it becomes thick and the volume is reduced. Towards the end of the incubation period, residual yolk and the yolk sac enter into the abdominal cavity and then close the abdominal wall. Residual yolk is used by baby chicks as food supplies during the early period of his life outside the egg (Yatim, 1990)
Division which lasted chiped acquired institution as much as 3-4 blastoderm cell layer. The second cleavage is perpendicular first division, and the region contribute to four blastomeres are also not completely separate. The third division, two divisions of simultaneous parallel with mining division produced 8 blastomeres. The fourth division is a division of the circle and cut out all fields previous division. The fifth cleavage is radial cleavage, cutting the field of the fourth division and produce blastomeres edge-blastomeres that do not separate completely incorrect (Adnan, 2008).
According to (Adnan, 2005), There are four kinds of extra-embryonic membranes are present in higher vertebrates, namely:
1. Yolk sac is very closely spanknopleura membrane functions in nutrition, especially in the reptilian embryo and yolk in birds because having that very much.
2. Amniotic sac . It is a thin membrane derived from somatoplura form a sac that surrounds the embryo and contain the fluid, the presence of this membrane in birds and mammals, reptilian cause of this animal group called the amniotic.
3. Allantois sac . It is a bag that berb entuk from the ventral colon evaginasi back in the early stages of development the main function or as a place of shelter and the development or storage of urine and as a gas exchange organ between the embryo with its outer environment.
C. OBSERVATION METHOD
1. Tools and Materials
a. Tools
1) Petri dish
2) Tweezers
3) Incubator
4) Scissor
5) Filter paper
6) Microscope
b. Material
1) Egg which is incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
2) NaCl physiologies
2. Work Procedure
a. Incubated the egg for about 24, 48, and 72 hours in incubator with 37o-38o C temperature.
b. Broke the incubated egg and pour to the petri dish which is contain NaCl physiologies.
c. Site the filter paper and make the hole in the center which is fit with the embryo.
d. Cut the yolk, moved the filter paper so the embryo went with the paper.
e. Dipped the embryo to NaCl physiologies, and moved to microscope.
D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Observation result
2. Discussion
a. Observation I
Eggs were observed on the first observation of eggs that had been incubated for 24 hours, which has shown the existence of an embryo that is still colored nodes. At this time the chicken embryo has undergone cleavage blastula and gastrula stage in which the visible presence pellusida area that is visible above the nodes subgerminal cavity. And opaka area, an area that was dark, located on the edge blastodisk. This area consists dariarea opaka vaskulosa, opaka vitelin, blood islands in the area opaka vaskulosa. And opaka area, an area that was dark, located on the edge blastodisk. This area consists dariarea opaka vaskulosa, opaka vitelin, blood islands in the area opaka vaskulosa. After 24 hours of incubation, there were spots of blood on eggs and embryos are still difficult to be observed with light microscope, so that the development of an embryo at stage 24-hour incubation could not be observed. Around the embryo there are areas that the yellow color quite different from the color of egg yolk or yolk surrounding the embryo, making the embryo as if inside a circle which is located in the egg yolks (the yolk). This area is called the extra embryos that consist of the area and the area opaka pellusida. Khalaza not clearly visible.
b. Observation II
Eggs on the observation that both eggs have been incubated for 48 hours. It appears the first line in the center of blastoderm. Among extraembrionic annexis vitelin visible membrane which has the main role in embryo nutrition. At this time the embryo looks covered by 3 layers ie ectoderm body organs will be tellensefalon, diensefalon, rombensefalon, mensefalon, miensefalon, and vasikula optics. Venous sinus formed mesoderm, visceral cleft atrium, ventricle, limit the amnion, and tail bud, and visceral endoderm seen a gap, intestine front, two will be the respiratory tract.
c. Observation III
The third observation of eggs in an egg that has been incubated for 72 hours, which has seen a Rhombencephalon located next to the dorsal and telensephalon approached the development of the heart. Head more towards the posterior folds. In the caudal region formed primordial feet, mesoderm will experience growth that will develop into primordial wings. Consists of the brain tube lateral ventricle, three in the diensephalon, cerebral aquad on mensephalon, and ventricular four on rhombensephalon and canal on the spinal cord. Stimulate the formation of optic cup and lens lens cornea stimulates the formation. Ototis and ductus endolimfatikus will become the inner ear. There are front intestine, colon and bowel middle rear.
E. CLOSING
1. Conclusion
Based on the observations, can be summed up as follows:
a. In the 24-hour incubation period of chicken embryos has experienced seemingly division of the embryo is actually clear.
b. During the 48 hour incubation, the embryo is experiencing the formation of the heart, optic vesicle to the formation of the eye.
c. During the 72-hour incubation, the chick embryo has undergone blood vessel formation, would eye the ear and tail.
d. embryonic layer that forms the layers ectoderm, endoderm, and endoderm which then form the various organs through the cleavage blastula, gastrulation and organogenesis
2. Suggestion
a. For apprentice, be a good practice and listen to the instruction of assistant.
b. For assistant, we hope for the next practicum, not just one assistant that manage this practicum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan.2005. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Adnan.2008. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM
Anonim. 2008. Perkembangan Embrio Ayam. http://one.indodeskri.Com/judul-
skripsi-tugas-makalah/biologi-umum/pengamatan-tahapan perkembangan-embrio-ayam. Accessed at January 15th 2011
Kimball, 2006. Biologi Jilid III edisi kelima. Jakarta: Erlangga
Yatim. 1990. Reproduksi dan Embriologi. Bandung: Tarsito.
Jumat, 14 Januari 2011
something
There is something in my fell that i'm not understand......
This fell often make me scare and often make me brave to anything...
This fell that make my think be adult....
I usually think "why me that have to fell this?" but until now i don't know the answer...
I hope by this life , i can find that be secret in my life,,,,
by the GUNSTER 16...
This fell often make me scare and often make me brave to anything...
This fell that make my think be adult....
I usually think "why me that have to fell this?" but until now i don't know the answer...
I hope by this life , i can find that be secret in my life,,,,
by the GUNSTER 16...
Kamis, 13 Januari 2011
cinta
.cinta yang agung, ketika kaw menangis karenanya!!.
.ketika dia pergi kaw masih menunggu dengan setia,,.
.ketika dia mencintai orang laen, kamu masih tersenyum!!.
.bila kamu kehilangan tak perlu ikut mati,,.
.dan ketika kamu mendapatkan cinta jangan lepaskan dia!!.
.ketika dia pergi kaw masih menunggu dengan setia,,.
.ketika dia mencintai orang laen, kamu masih tersenyum!!.
.bila kamu kehilangan tak perlu ikut mati,,.
.dan ketika kamu mendapatkan cinta jangan lepaskan dia!!.
Organogenesis paper
Organogenesis paper
International class program
091 404 174
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
a. Background
In animal development, organogenesis (organo-genesis, compound of the Greek words όργανον "that with which one works"[1], and γένεσις "origin, creation, generation"[2]) is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Internal organs initiate development in humans within the 3rd to 8th weeks in utero. The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Developing early during this stage in chordate animals are the neural tube and notochord. Vertebrate animals all differentiate from the gastrula the same way. Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including some bones, muscles, and components of the peripheral nervous system. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis.
In animal development there is process which called organogenesis. In organogenesis we can found how the organ formed in embryo. And in this paper we will discussion about organogenesis
b. Purpose
1. To know and understanding about the meaning of organogenesis
2. To know and understanding about the derivate of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm in organogenesis.
c. Scope of material
1. What is organogenesis?
2. How the process in organogenesis?
CHAPTER II
PREVIE OF LITERATURE
Organogenesis, in embryology, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo. The cells of an organ-forming region undergo differential development and movement to form an organ primordium, or anlage. Organogenesis continues until the definitive characteristics of the organ are achieved. Concurrent with this process is histogenesis; the result of both processes is a structurally and functionally complete organ. The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an embryo and begins the period in which the organism is called a fetus. But also there is opinion about organogenesis, like Organogenesis or morphogenesis is embryo primitive which change to be more definitive and have form that specific in a species, organogenesis begin in last of the 3 weeks and end last of 8 weeks. By the ending of organogenesis so the external characteristic and primary is have form and the next embryo is called fetus (Amy Tenzer,dkk, 2000)
in growth between period or transition happen transformation and differentiation of the part of embryo body transformation and differentiation of body parts of the embryo from primitive forms to become the definitive shape. In this period, the embryo will have a special shape for a species. At the end of growth period, the smooth completion of the definitive form that is characteristic of an individual. During this period embryos experienced growth completion gender, character (physical and psychic character) as well as a special face for each individual.
1. Ectoderm derivatives
a. Brain and spinal cord (spinal cord)
• neural chip has been established at the time of embryo age of 18 hours incubation. Neural folds and neural clear trenches can be seen in the embryo that will become the medulla oblongata.
• at the age of 33-day embryo, neural tube has been formed and has been divided be basic brain regions, namely proensfalon, mesensefalon, and rombensefalon. At the anterior end there is still an open section, namely neorosporus anterior and in the posterior part there are still wide open area called the sinus romboidalis.
• Age 48 hours, the distribution of brain areas have been further, namely into five part (proensefalin, mesensefalon, metensefalon, telensefalon and miesensefalon)
b. Eye
• At age 33 hours, would appear as a pair of bulging eyes toward latreral from proensefalon, which called vesicle optimistic. In addition, the head ectoderm also occur thickening process which called plakoda lens.
• At age 48 hours, the optic vesicle have invaginating forming double-walled optic cup. The inside is the sensory layer of the retina and the outside is going from the retinal pigmented. While, it diesensefalon region has been formed. Narrowing the base of the optic cup is called optical and related stem of diesensefalon. In intact preparations in the optic cup ventral there is an indentation called koroidea fissure, where the passage of blood vessels and optic nerve.
• At age 72 hours, the optic cup will be flat on the part which have pigment. Along with the development of optic cup, lens plakoda invaginated too and then released as a lens vesicle which will become the cornea of the eye.
c. Ear
• At age 33 hours, the ears will appear as a thickening of the ectoderm of the head, called plakoda ears which in the area miensefalon would rombensefalon
• At age 48 hours, plakoda ear have invagination to forming vesicles of ear. These vesicles for while still associated with the ectoderm, initially through the duct endolimfatikus, but too long will be separated
d. Nose
• At age 72 hours, will appear in the form of hollow nose nose nose came from plakoda berinvaginasi telensefalon the ectoderm in the region.
e. Pituitary
Derived from the envaginasi infudibulum diensefalon ventral sac and from Ratkhe (dorsal evagination of stomodeum).
2. Mesoderm derivatives
a. extra embryonic blood vessels
• Age 24 hours, blood vessels will appear as blood islands
• At age 33 hours, blood islands would anastomosis each other to form a webbing, called venous vitelin
• At age 48 hours, venous vitelin has joined a pair of large blood vessels called veins omfalomesenterika which empties into the heart.
b. Heart
• At age 33 hours, the heart of the veer tube to the right, the part that is going to turn the ventricles.
• At age 48 hours, the heart is spinning like the letter S and is divided into venous sinuses, antrium, ventricles, and bulbus arteriosus. From the bulbus arteriosus
• In age 96 hours, the atria and ventricles consist of the left and right. Venous sinuses was fused with the right atrium.
c. Kidney
• At age 33 hours, the kidneys would appear as nefrotom the outward protrusion of intermediate mesoderm.
• At age 48 hours and 72 hours, has been formed tubules and duct mesonefros
• At age 96 hours, mesonefros already highly developed, complete with glomerolus and Bowman's capsule
d. Gonad
e. Limb
Will wing earlier than would have legs.
• At age 72 hours, the wings would sprout wings appear as a bulge in the form of protrusion from the surface latera body, buds appear on the posterior leg grow near intestine in behind.
• At the age of embryos 96 hours, would have longer legs
Organogenesis
UROGENITALIA SYSTEM (Intermediate mesoderm differentiation)
Establish a system of excretion and genitalia ductus
Primitive fish: Pronefros
High-class fish and amphibia: Mesonefros
Aves and mammals: Kidney or renal, consists of three kinds:
1. Pronefros
Very vertigal, the earliest formed
2. Mesonefros
The organs of excretion during the period of embryo
3. Metanefros
Formed the final stage and function after regression mesonefros
PRONEFROS
• Formed from segments nefrotomi
• nefrotom cells break up and form a cavity that is nefrocoel
• Tubular pronefros formed from nefrotom containing nefrocoel and empties and is associated with the coelom through nefrostom
• At the other end of the channel pronefros united to form the ductus pronefros
• ductus pronefros stretching to the posterior and united with the cloaca
• Glomerulus is a roll of the blood vessel as a branch of the dorsal aorta associated with a funnel near nefrostom
• Then go through nefrostom into pronefros to then flowed into the cloaca.
MESONEFROS
• Tubular mesonefros nefrotom formed from the posterior part of the area pronefros
• Tubular mesonefros associated with ductus pronefros
• ductus pronefros now called the ductus or ductus mesonefros Wolff
• Formation of tubules induced by ductus pronefros mesonefros, when the ductus pronefros grow stretching to the posterior body
• create a branch of the dorsal aorta blood vessels form a glomerulus coiling associated with ductus mesonefros
• Section tubules associated with gomerulus will do invagination forming Bowman's capsule
• In the area near the area where the ductus mesonefros united with the cloaca, a bulge that is growing bulge urethra
• shoots grown metanefros widened and branched by urethra into the posterior of which is going metanefros.
• Budding urethra induces tissue that forms tubules nefrogenik metanefros.
Intermediate mesoderm
• Conveniently located dorsolateral between somites and lateral mesoderm
• Establish the urogenital system:
• Kidney (forming urine), urethras (transport urine from the kidney to the bladder) and urethra (the transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body)
• Gonad: reproductive gland primary
• nefrogenik bund is part of the urogenital ridge that forms urinary system
SEED COATING-DEVIRAT DEVIRAT MESODERM
At first seed layer of mesoderm cells to form a thin sheet of connective tissue on both sides of the midline to grow to form paraxial mesoderm, more to the lateral stay thin is called the lateral plate. With the emergence and unification of the intercellular cavity on the lateral plate tissue was split into two layers, namely:
a. Parietal mesoderm covering the amnion
b. Visceral mesoderm covering the yolk bladder.
Both these limiting membrane of a new cavity called intra-embryonic coelomic cavity, which went on yourself with an extra-embryonic selon on both sides of the embryo. Network that connects the paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm is called intermediate. Towards the end of the third week of paraxial mesoderm split into groups epithelioid cells called somites. The couple first somites occur on the neck of the embryo. Each day there will be three somites so that by the end of the fifth week there are 42 to 44 pairs of somites. Couple this somites, 4 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 torakal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 8 to 10 pairs koksigeal. Occipital somites first and up to 7 somites koksigeal latter then disappeared.
1. Differentiation of somites
By the beginning of the fourth week of epithelium cells that form the ventral wall and medial wall of the somites lose its epithelium into polymorph form and move around the dorsal cord. These cells are collectively referred to sklereton, forming tissue known as mesenchyme. They will surround the spinal cord and dorsal cord to form the vertebral column. The walls of the somites are still lagging korsal called dermatomes form a layer of new cells. Immediately after the formation of these cells failed to divide and formed a network called miotom. Each miotom prepare the muscles for the segment itself. After the cells formed dermatomes, miotom and spread below the surrounding ectoderm. Here, these cells form the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Therefore, every somites form skleroton (component of cartilage and bone), mioton (prepare segmental muscle component) and dermatome (skin component in it segment ). As will be seen later, each dermatome mioton and each has its own segment nerve component.
2. Intermediate mesoderm
These networks are differentiated in a way that is different from the somites. In the area of the cervical and upper torakal this network segmental groups of cells that later develop into nefrotom, while more caudal form a tissue mass that is not known as chordae nefrogenik has segment which later developed into a unit of the composition of urinary excretion.
3. Layers of parietal and visceral mesoderm
Both of these layers restrict intra-embryonic coelomic. Pariental mesoderm together form the ectoderm surrounding the lateral and ventral body wall. Entoder visceral mesoderm and the embryonic form of the intestinal wall.
4. Blood and blood vessels
Blood cells and capillaries develop in the mesoderm ekstraembrional of tuft-tuft and connecting rod. By continuing budding ekstraembrional vessels formed a relationship with blood vessels embryo, thus connecting the embryo and placenta. Blood cells and intra-embryonic blood vessels including the heart tube is formed in the same way with the extra-embryonic vessels that is of the mesoderm cells that form groups of cells that form the cavity angiogenesis because merging the gap between the cells. Located in the center to form a simple blood cells while the cells located on the shores of which unite to form small vessels. Tissues and organs following consideration comes from the mesoderm:
a. Supporting tissue such as connective tissue, cartilage and bone.
b. The muscles fibers latitude and plain
c. Blood cells and lymph nodes and the wall of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
d. Kidneys, sex glands and discharge channel
e. Children kidney cortex and spleen.
5. Endoderm derivatives
a. Intestine, liver and pancreas
• At age 24 hours, the front gut has begun to take shape. Part of posterior still a primitive gut.
• At age 33, before extending to the posterior gut so gut porta front retreat located
• At age 48 hours, other than the middle intestine becomes more clear, will also form the heart which is the ventral evagination front of the intestine.
• At age 72 hours, the liver will be more branch out and form a diverticulum. At this age, intestinal bowel nporta rear and rear have been formed at the posterior end of the body, in the folds of the tail. In further developments, the more elongated front intestine and colon to the posterior to anterior extends back further. Finally, the intestine is still associated with the yolk just live in a section called the yolk stalk. In addition, the dorsal pancreas would have started to be formed as evaginasi dorsal in front of the intestine will duodenum.
b. Trachea and lung.
• At the age of 48 hour embryos, emergency intestinal front border would farinks and would esophagus there is ventral evagination is the gap larynx of trachea.
• At age 72 hours, the gap will length, forked and distal part bubble. The part that is going to inflate the lungs, which look more clearly at the age of 96 hours embryos, the branch is going bronchus and trachea tip is going.
Organogenesis of frog.
Gunawan rahmil
Early organogenesis in a frog embryo.
The archenteron develops from endoderm. The dorsal ectoderm folds to form the neural plate. The neural plate pinches off to generate the neural tube, which will develop into the brain and the spinal cord. The notochord forms from mesoderm. Other mesoderm cells form tissue that line the coelom. The somites will give rise to segmental structures such as vertebrae
Organogenesis in a chick embryo.
a. Early organogenesis.
The archenteron forms when lateral folds pinch the embryo away from the yolk.
The notochord, neural tube, and somites form much as they do in the frog.
b. Late organogenesis.
Rudiments of most major organs have already formed on day 3. Blood vessels connect the embryo to extraembryonic membrane
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
a. Conclusion
1. Organogenesis, in embryology, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo. The cells of an organ-forming region undergo differential development and movement to form an organ primordium, or anlage. Organogenesis continues until the definitive characteristics of the organ are achieved. Concurrent with this process is histogenesis; the result of both processes is a structurally and functionally complete organ. The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an embryo and begins the period in which the organism is called a fetus.
2. Organogenesis begin from the primary layer, they are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm:
a. Ectoderm derivates
1. Brain and spinal cord (spinal cord)
2. Eye
3. Ear
4. Nose
5. Pituitary
b. Mesoderm derivatives
1. extra embryonic blood vessels
2. Heart
3. Kidney
4. Gonad
5. Limb
c. Endoderm derivatives
1. Intestine, liver and pancreas
2. Trachea and lung.
b. Suggestion
by this paper I hope the reader can get some knowledge and can give me suggest.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous a, http://zona8b.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?orderby=updated
Anonymous b, http://ipaspenli.blogspot.com/2009/08/sistem-reproduksi-manusia.html
Anonymous c, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/432178/organogenesis
Anonymous d, http://iqbalali.com/2008/02/13/pembentukan-janin/
International class program
091 404 174
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
a. Background
In animal development, organogenesis (organo-genesis, compound of the Greek words όργανον "that with which one works"[1], and γένεσις "origin, creation, generation"[2]) is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Internal organs initiate development in humans within the 3rd to 8th weeks in utero. The germ layers in organogenesis differ by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation. Developing early during this stage in chordate animals are the neural tube and notochord. Vertebrate animals all differentiate from the gastrula the same way. Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including some bones, muscles, and components of the peripheral nervous system. The coelom of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the somite axis.
In animal development there is process which called organogenesis. In organogenesis we can found how the organ formed in embryo. And in this paper we will discussion about organogenesis
b. Purpose
1. To know and understanding about the meaning of organogenesis
2. To know and understanding about the derivate of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm in organogenesis.
c. Scope of material
1. What is organogenesis?
2. How the process in organogenesis?
CHAPTER II
PREVIE OF LITERATURE
Organogenesis, in embryology, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo. The cells of an organ-forming region undergo differential development and movement to form an organ primordium, or anlage. Organogenesis continues until the definitive characteristics of the organ are achieved. Concurrent with this process is histogenesis; the result of both processes is a structurally and functionally complete organ. The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an embryo and begins the period in which the organism is called a fetus. But also there is opinion about organogenesis, like Organogenesis or morphogenesis is embryo primitive which change to be more definitive and have form that specific in a species, organogenesis begin in last of the 3 weeks and end last of 8 weeks. By the ending of organogenesis so the external characteristic and primary is have form and the next embryo is called fetus (Amy Tenzer,dkk, 2000)
in growth between period or transition happen transformation and differentiation of the part of embryo body transformation and differentiation of body parts of the embryo from primitive forms to become the definitive shape. In this period, the embryo will have a special shape for a species. At the end of growth period, the smooth completion of the definitive form that is characteristic of an individual. During this period embryos experienced growth completion gender, character (physical and psychic character) as well as a special face for each individual.
1. Ectoderm derivatives
a. Brain and spinal cord (spinal cord)
• neural chip has been established at the time of embryo age of 18 hours incubation. Neural folds and neural clear trenches can be seen in the embryo that will become the medulla oblongata.
• at the age of 33-day embryo, neural tube has been formed and has been divided be basic brain regions, namely proensfalon, mesensefalon, and rombensefalon. At the anterior end there is still an open section, namely neorosporus anterior and in the posterior part there are still wide open area called the sinus romboidalis.
• Age 48 hours, the distribution of brain areas have been further, namely into five part (proensefalin, mesensefalon, metensefalon, telensefalon and miesensefalon)
b. Eye
• At age 33 hours, would appear as a pair of bulging eyes toward latreral from proensefalon, which called vesicle optimistic. In addition, the head ectoderm also occur thickening process which called plakoda lens.
• At age 48 hours, the optic vesicle have invaginating forming double-walled optic cup. The inside is the sensory layer of the retina and the outside is going from the retinal pigmented. While, it diesensefalon region has been formed. Narrowing the base of the optic cup is called optical and related stem of diesensefalon. In intact preparations in the optic cup ventral there is an indentation called koroidea fissure, where the passage of blood vessels and optic nerve.
• At age 72 hours, the optic cup will be flat on the part which have pigment. Along with the development of optic cup, lens plakoda invaginated too and then released as a lens vesicle which will become the cornea of the eye.
c. Ear
• At age 33 hours, the ears will appear as a thickening of the ectoderm of the head, called plakoda ears which in the area miensefalon would rombensefalon
• At age 48 hours, plakoda ear have invagination to forming vesicles of ear. These vesicles for while still associated with the ectoderm, initially through the duct endolimfatikus, but too long will be separated
d. Nose
• At age 72 hours, will appear in the form of hollow nose nose nose came from plakoda berinvaginasi telensefalon the ectoderm in the region.
e. Pituitary
Derived from the envaginasi infudibulum diensefalon ventral sac and from Ratkhe (dorsal evagination of stomodeum).
2. Mesoderm derivatives
a. extra embryonic blood vessels
• Age 24 hours, blood vessels will appear as blood islands
• At age 33 hours, blood islands would anastomosis each other to form a webbing, called venous vitelin
• At age 48 hours, venous vitelin has joined a pair of large blood vessels called veins omfalomesenterika which empties into the heart.
b. Heart
• At age 33 hours, the heart of the veer tube to the right, the part that is going to turn the ventricles.
• At age 48 hours, the heart is spinning like the letter S and is divided into venous sinuses, antrium, ventricles, and bulbus arteriosus. From the bulbus arteriosus
• In age 96 hours, the atria and ventricles consist of the left and right. Venous sinuses was fused with the right atrium.
c. Kidney
• At age 33 hours, the kidneys would appear as nefrotom the outward protrusion of intermediate mesoderm.
• At age 48 hours and 72 hours, has been formed tubules and duct mesonefros
• At age 96 hours, mesonefros already highly developed, complete with glomerolus and Bowman's capsule
d. Gonad
e. Limb
Will wing earlier than would have legs.
• At age 72 hours, the wings would sprout wings appear as a bulge in the form of protrusion from the surface latera body, buds appear on the posterior leg grow near intestine in behind.
• At the age of embryos 96 hours, would have longer legs
Organogenesis
UROGENITALIA SYSTEM (Intermediate mesoderm differentiation)
Establish a system of excretion and genitalia ductus
Primitive fish: Pronefros
High-class fish and amphibia: Mesonefros
Aves and mammals: Kidney or renal, consists of three kinds:
1. Pronefros
Very vertigal, the earliest formed
2. Mesonefros
The organs of excretion during the period of embryo
3. Metanefros
Formed the final stage and function after regression mesonefros
PRONEFROS
• Formed from segments nefrotomi
• nefrotom cells break up and form a cavity that is nefrocoel
• Tubular pronefros formed from nefrotom containing nefrocoel and empties and is associated with the coelom through nefrostom
• At the other end of the channel pronefros united to form the ductus pronefros
• ductus pronefros stretching to the posterior and united with the cloaca
• Glomerulus is a roll of the blood vessel as a branch of the dorsal aorta associated with a funnel near nefrostom
• Then go through nefrostom into pronefros to then flowed into the cloaca.
MESONEFROS
• Tubular mesonefros nefrotom formed from the posterior part of the area pronefros
• Tubular mesonefros associated with ductus pronefros
• ductus pronefros now called the ductus or ductus mesonefros Wolff
• Formation of tubules induced by ductus pronefros mesonefros, when the ductus pronefros grow stretching to the posterior body
• create a branch of the dorsal aorta blood vessels form a glomerulus coiling associated with ductus mesonefros
• Section tubules associated with gomerulus will do invagination forming Bowman's capsule
• In the area near the area where the ductus mesonefros united with the cloaca, a bulge that is growing bulge urethra
• shoots grown metanefros widened and branched by urethra into the posterior of which is going metanefros.
• Budding urethra induces tissue that forms tubules nefrogenik metanefros.
Intermediate mesoderm
• Conveniently located dorsolateral between somites and lateral mesoderm
• Establish the urogenital system:
• Kidney (forming urine), urethras (transport urine from the kidney to the bladder) and urethra (the transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body)
• Gonad: reproductive gland primary
• nefrogenik bund is part of the urogenital ridge that forms urinary system
SEED COATING-DEVIRAT DEVIRAT MESODERM
At first seed layer of mesoderm cells to form a thin sheet of connective tissue on both sides of the midline to grow to form paraxial mesoderm, more to the lateral stay thin is called the lateral plate. With the emergence and unification of the intercellular cavity on the lateral plate tissue was split into two layers, namely:
a. Parietal mesoderm covering the amnion
b. Visceral mesoderm covering the yolk bladder.
Both these limiting membrane of a new cavity called intra-embryonic coelomic cavity, which went on yourself with an extra-embryonic selon on both sides of the embryo. Network that connects the paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm is called intermediate. Towards the end of the third week of paraxial mesoderm split into groups epithelioid cells called somites. The couple first somites occur on the neck of the embryo. Each day there will be three somites so that by the end of the fifth week there are 42 to 44 pairs of somites. Couple this somites, 4 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 torakal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 8 to 10 pairs koksigeal. Occipital somites first and up to 7 somites koksigeal latter then disappeared.
1. Differentiation of somites
By the beginning of the fourth week of epithelium cells that form the ventral wall and medial wall of the somites lose its epithelium into polymorph form and move around the dorsal cord. These cells are collectively referred to sklereton, forming tissue known as mesenchyme. They will surround the spinal cord and dorsal cord to form the vertebral column. The walls of the somites are still lagging korsal called dermatomes form a layer of new cells. Immediately after the formation of these cells failed to divide and formed a network called miotom. Each miotom prepare the muscles for the segment itself. After the cells formed dermatomes, miotom and spread below the surrounding ectoderm. Here, these cells form the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Therefore, every somites form skleroton (component of cartilage and bone), mioton (prepare segmental muscle component) and dermatome (skin component in it segment ). As will be seen later, each dermatome mioton and each has its own segment nerve component.
2. Intermediate mesoderm
These networks are differentiated in a way that is different from the somites. In the area of the cervical and upper torakal this network segmental groups of cells that later develop into nefrotom, while more caudal form a tissue mass that is not known as chordae nefrogenik has segment which later developed into a unit of the composition of urinary excretion.
3. Layers of parietal and visceral mesoderm
Both of these layers restrict intra-embryonic coelomic. Pariental mesoderm together form the ectoderm surrounding the lateral and ventral body wall. Entoder visceral mesoderm and the embryonic form of the intestinal wall.
4. Blood and blood vessels
Blood cells and capillaries develop in the mesoderm ekstraembrional of tuft-tuft and connecting rod. By continuing budding ekstraembrional vessels formed a relationship with blood vessels embryo, thus connecting the embryo and placenta. Blood cells and intra-embryonic blood vessels including the heart tube is formed in the same way with the extra-embryonic vessels that is of the mesoderm cells that form groups of cells that form the cavity angiogenesis because merging the gap between the cells. Located in the center to form a simple blood cells while the cells located on the shores of which unite to form small vessels. Tissues and organs following consideration comes from the mesoderm:
a. Supporting tissue such as connective tissue, cartilage and bone.
b. The muscles fibers latitude and plain
c. Blood cells and lymph nodes and the wall of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
d. Kidneys, sex glands and discharge channel
e. Children kidney cortex and spleen.
5. Endoderm derivatives
a. Intestine, liver and pancreas
• At age 24 hours, the front gut has begun to take shape. Part of posterior still a primitive gut.
• At age 33, before extending to the posterior gut so gut porta front retreat located
• At age 48 hours, other than the middle intestine becomes more clear, will also form the heart which is the ventral evagination front of the intestine.
• At age 72 hours, the liver will be more branch out and form a diverticulum. At this age, intestinal bowel nporta rear and rear have been formed at the posterior end of the body, in the folds of the tail. In further developments, the more elongated front intestine and colon to the posterior to anterior extends back further. Finally, the intestine is still associated with the yolk just live in a section called the yolk stalk. In addition, the dorsal pancreas would have started to be formed as evaginasi dorsal in front of the intestine will duodenum.
b. Trachea and lung.
• At the age of 48 hour embryos, emergency intestinal front border would farinks and would esophagus there is ventral evagination is the gap larynx of trachea.
• At age 72 hours, the gap will length, forked and distal part bubble. The part that is going to inflate the lungs, which look more clearly at the age of 96 hours embryos, the branch is going bronchus and trachea tip is going.
Organogenesis of frog.
Gunawan rahmil
Early organogenesis in a frog embryo.
The archenteron develops from endoderm. The dorsal ectoderm folds to form the neural plate. The neural plate pinches off to generate the neural tube, which will develop into the brain and the spinal cord. The notochord forms from mesoderm. Other mesoderm cells form tissue that line the coelom. The somites will give rise to segmental structures such as vertebrae
Organogenesis in a chick embryo.
a. Early organogenesis.
The archenteron forms when lateral folds pinch the embryo away from the yolk.
The notochord, neural tube, and somites form much as they do in the frog.
b. Late organogenesis.
Rudiments of most major organs have already formed on day 3. Blood vessels connect the embryo to extraembryonic membrane
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
a. Conclusion
1. Organogenesis, in embryology, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo. The cells of an organ-forming region undergo differential development and movement to form an organ primordium, or anlage. Organogenesis continues until the definitive characteristics of the organ are achieved. Concurrent with this process is histogenesis; the result of both processes is a structurally and functionally complete organ. The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an embryo and begins the period in which the organism is called a fetus.
2. Organogenesis begin from the primary layer, they are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm:
a. Ectoderm derivates
1. Brain and spinal cord (spinal cord)
2. Eye
3. Ear
4. Nose
5. Pituitary
b. Mesoderm derivatives
1. extra embryonic blood vessels
2. Heart
3. Kidney
4. Gonad
5. Limb
c. Endoderm derivatives
1. Intestine, liver and pancreas
2. Trachea and lung.
b. Suggestion
by this paper I hope the reader can get some knowledge and can give me suggest.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous a, http://zona8b.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?orderby=updated
Anonymous b, http://ipaspenli.blogspot.com/2009/08/sistem-reproduksi-manusia.html
Anonymous c, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/432178/organogenesis
Anonymous d, http://iqbalali.com/2008/02/13/pembentukan-janin/
Minggu, 09 Januari 2011
kehidupan
1. hidup itu ibarat roda, yang akan terus berputar. kadang di atas dan kadang pula di bawah. jadi setiap manusia pasti akan pernah merasa dirinya di atas dan juga pernah merasa di bawah.
2. hidup itu bagaikan metamorfosis, yang akan selalu mencari kesempurnaan. tidak ada manusia di dunia ini yang terus-terusan berbuat salah, dan ketika seseorang berusaha untuk tidak berbuat kesalahan maka itu berarti dia berusaha untuk mencari kesempurnaan.
3. hidup itu ibarat suatu cermin, ketika seseorang mampu melihat kesalahan-kesalahan yang ada pada dirinya maka dia akan mampu mengubah dirinya dan otomatis akan mampu mengerti keadaan yang ada di sekelilingnya.
hidup itu akan selalu hidup diantara sesuatu yang hidup
2. hidup itu bagaikan metamorfosis, yang akan selalu mencari kesempurnaan. tidak ada manusia di dunia ini yang terus-terusan berbuat salah, dan ketika seseorang berusaha untuk tidak berbuat kesalahan maka itu berarti dia berusaha untuk mencari kesempurnaan.
3. hidup itu ibarat suatu cermin, ketika seseorang mampu melihat kesalahan-kesalahan yang ada pada dirinya maka dia akan mampu mengubah dirinya dan otomatis akan mampu mengerti keadaan yang ada di sekelilingnya.
hidup itu akan selalu hidup diantara sesuatu yang hidup
Senin, 03 Januari 2011
rangkuman siklus sel
RANGKUMAN SIKLUS SEL
Sel merupakan satuan dasar struktural, fungsional dan hereditas makhluk hidup. Untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya, setiap organisme hidup tergantung pada pertumbuhan dan penggandaan sel-selnya. Pada organisme uniseluler, pembelahan sel diartikan sebagai reproduksi, dan dengan proses ini dua atau lebih individu baru dibentuk dari sel induk. Dengan demikian pembelahan sel berfungsi dalam (i) reproduksi (ii) pertumbuhan, dan (iii) perbaikan.
Umumnya, sebelum suatu sel mengalami pembelahan, sel-sel terlebih dahulu mengalami pertumbuhan hingga mencapai ukuran tertentu. Setiap sel mengalami dua periode yang penting dalam siklus hidupnya, yaitu periode interfase atau periode non pembelahan dan periode pembelahan sel (M) yang menghasilkan sel-sel baru.
Gambar Skema Siklus Sel
Interfase terdiri atas tiga fase, yaitu: G1 (Gap pertama), S (Sintesis DNA), dan G2 (Gap kedua), Pada fase G1, sel anak mengalami pertumbuhan, pada fase S terjadi replikasi dan transkripsi DNA; sedangkan pada fase G2, merupakan fase post sintesis, dimana sel mempersiapkan diri untuk membelah. Pembelahan sel meliputi dua tahapan yaitu: kariokinesis atau mitosis dan sitokinesis.
Fase pembelahan sel yang terdiri atas fase mitosis dan sitokinesis. Fase mitosis terdiri atas beberapa fase yaitu fase profase, fase prometafase, fase metafase, fase anafase, dan fase telofase. Selama pembelahan sel, inti mengalami serangkaian perubahan- perubahan yang sangat kompleks, terutama peruahan-perubahan kandungan intinya. Pada saat pembelahan sel berlangsung, salut inti dan nukleus menjadi tidak tampak dan subtansi kromatin mengalami kondensasi menjadi kromosom.
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